Enhancing Solar Desalination Performance Through PCMs, Nanomaterials, and Intelligent Control: A Review of Integrated Approaches

Authors

Malak M. Alobaidy, College of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Alsina’a street, 10066 Baghdad, IraqFollow
Hussein T. Rishag, College of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Alsina’a street, 10066 Baghdad, Iraq
Muna S. Kassim, College of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Alsina’a street, 10066 Baghdad, Iraq

Abstract

Solar desalination utilizing Phase Change Materials (PCMs) and nanomaterials offers promising avenues for water purification. Still, challenges must be addressed: PCM limitations include low thermal conductivity, supercooling, corrosion, and leakage, while nanomaterial challenges include stability, aggregation, toxicity, and scalability. System integration and performance include complexity, hybrid optimization, fouling, scaling, and durability. Intelligence can enhance the thermal work of systems with still water by enabling smarter design and control. This system relies on robust monitoring to provide data for analysis, optimization, and efficient operation. Monitoring is indispensable for reviewing and improving such systems. Freshwater scarcity is a global issue, especially in remote and off-grid areas. Solar stills offer a sustainable solution for potable water because they are simple and rely on solar energy. However, traditional stills suffer from low efficiency and limited output. Recent advancements aim to enhance performance by integrating PCMs, wick structures, and smart monitoring. PCMs such as paraffin wax and salt hydrates store latent heat, enabling extended operation during low-solar-radiation periods and minimizing temperature fluctuations. Nano-enhanced PCMs improve thermal conductivity and heat transfer. Wick materials facilitate water transport through capillary action. Their porous, dark surfaces enhance solar absorption, maintain a thin water layer, and expand the evaporation surface. Monitoring systems powered by Arduino, ESP32, or IoT devices track temperature, humidity, and water levels, enabling automation and remote control. Integration of efficient PCMs, wick materials, and digital monitoring offers a cost-effective, scalable approach to address water scarcity.

Recommended Citation

Alobaidy, Malak M.; Rishag, Hussein T.; and Kassim, Muna S. (2026) "Enhancing Solar Desalination Performance Through PCMs, Nanomaterials, and Intelligent Control: A Review of Integrated Approaches," Engineering and Technology Journal: Vol. 44: Iss. 1, Article 10.