•  
  •  
 

Keywords

Wireless sensor networks, ZigBee, Internet of Things, Arduino, Dams

Document Type

Research Paper

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become essential in the monitoring and managing environmental disasters, providing real-time data collection and transmission functionalities. Their application is especially crucial in flood-prone areas, where prompt detection and action can reduce substantial human, economic, and infrastructural losses. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) comprise spatially distributed sensors that monitor environmental parameters, including water levels, temperature, and humidity, relaying data to a centralized system for analysis and response. This paper proposes a flood monitoring system based on a wireless sensor network, emphasizing installing water-level sensors in dam basements.  The system employs the ZigBee communication protocol to provide low-power, wireless data transmission between sensor nodes and a base station (BS), which subsequently transmits information to a mobile device through Internet of Things (IoT) integration. This approach is significant due to its capacity for continuous, automated monitoring and early warning of abnormal water levels. When the water level surpasses a specified threshold (26 °C, utilized here as an indicator of water height in the sensor design), the system activates an audio alarm via a buzzer to notify adjacent personnel of potential flooding hazards. The temperature-based surrogate threshold is adjusted according to the sensor's sensitivity and the dam's structural safety restrictions. Experimental findings illustrate the system's efficacy in precisely detecting and conveying real-time variations in water levels.  Furthermore, a comparative study demonstrates that the ZigBee-enabled system provides enhanced energy efficiency, scalability, and transmission range compared to previous technologies employed for analogous applications. This research implies that catastrophe resilience can be improved by integrating IoT and WSN technologies, hence facilitating proactive infrastructure management and enhancing community safety in at-risk areas.

References

A. Lanzolla, M. Spadavecchia, Wireless Sensor Networks for Environmental Monitoring, Sensors, 7 (2021) 1172. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041172 K. Dr, Nalavade, D. Patil, and M. Sabri, Flood monitoring and prediction by using wsn, SSRN Electronic J., 7 (2020) 34–39. J. D. Loong, R. Abdulla, S. K. Selvaperumal and M. E. Rana, IoT-Based Flood Monitoring System Using Machine Learning Approach, 2023 4th International Conference on Data Analytics for Business and Industry (ICDABI), Bahrain, 47–53, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDABI60145.2023.10629349 Theint Win La, IoT based Real-Time Water Level Monitoring System with SMS Alert Using Twilio API, Int. J. Eng. Adv. Technol., 8 (2019) 123–127. A. S. Lutakamale and G. Y. Tian, A Wireless Sensor Network for Wildfire Detection and Monitoring, International Conference on Wireless Communication and Sensor Networks, 232–236, 2018. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/WCICA.2006.1712372 H. Latupapua, A. I. Latupapua, A. Wahab, M. Alaydrus, Earthquake and Landslide Early Warning System using Wireless Sensor NetworksInt, J. Comput. Appl. Technol., 179 (2018) 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v11.i2.pp437-445 M. S. Mohamed, M. A. Mostafa, and H. El-Ghor, Internet of Things and Cloud-Based Framework for Earthquake Early Detection, IEEE Access, 7 (2019) 160–167. C. M. Ramya, M. Shanmugaraj, R. Prabakaran, Study on ZIGBEE Technology, 2011 3rd International Conference on Electronics Computer Technology, 2 (2011) . https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECTECH.2011.5942102 P. Velagapudi, B. C. Eravatri, M. B. Mantri, V. V. Mani, Performance analysis of various 2.4GHz IEEE 802.15.4 PHYs under Rayleigh fading channel, ICACCS 2013 - Proc 2013 Int. Conf. Adv. Comput. Commun. Syst. Bringing to Table, Futur Technol from Around Globe, 0–4, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/C2SPCA.2013.6749420 S. A. Kulkarni et al., Cost-effective GSM-based Water Level Monitoring System for Homes and Offices, Int. Res. J. Eng. Tech., 6 (2019) 1948–1953. Md. T. Huque et al., IoT-Based Smart Water Tank Monitoring and Motor Pump Control System, Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res., 10 (2019) 1306–1311. Natmauk Road et al., Real-Time IoT Platform for Water Level Monitoring using JSN-SR04T Sensors, Int. J. Res. Technol. Eng., (2019) 239–243. Nishmitha et al., IoT Based Smart Water Tank Monitoring and Pump Control System, Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol., 8 (2019) 144–148. G. Samara, A. Almomani, M. Alauthman and M. Alkasassbeh, "Energy efficiency Wireless Sensor Networks Protocols: a Survey, 2022 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Computing and Engineering Applications (ETCEA), Karak, Jordan, 2022,1–6, http://doi.org/10.1109/ETCEA57049.2022.10009675. V. Sharma, R. Kumar, and A. K. Sangaiah, A Survey on Flood Detection Using Wireless Energy Efficient Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks in Disaster Management Sensor Networks and IoT-Based System, Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems, 28 (2020) 100300. P. S. Prasad and G. R. Sinha, The Implementation of an IoT-Based Flood Alert System, Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl., 5 (2019) 96–100. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2018.091187 R. Jain and M. Goel, Post-Disaster Structural Health Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comprehensive Survey, Int. J. Adv. Res. Electron., Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (IJAREEIE), 7 (2018) 1472–1477 https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2017.2691551

Highlights

A threshold of 26 is set; exceeding it activates the buzzer, while lower values deactivate the alarm The system is designed to give people early warning and ensure safety from potential flooding ZigBee features include low power use, easy setup, and long battery life for reliable operation The device is cost-effective to install and requires minimal maintenance

DOI

10.30684/etj.2025.158287.1918

First Page

683

Last Page

692

Download

Share

COinS