•  
  •  
 

Keywords

Automatic load frequency control 1, D Lookup Table LFC AI MATLAB Area Power Systems

Document Type

Research Paper

Abstract

Automatic load frequency control (ALFC) is an important part of auxiliary services in power systems. To sustain system accuracy and ensure the safety of power systems, ALFC system design is a vital issue. Power system networks must quickly address the imbalance between generation and demand, or else the power line frequency will depart from its nominal value. However, performance might be disappointing, and frequency deviation can occur when a substantial disturbance occurs, such as when a rapid, significant load change happens. In particular, an enormous number one- and two-dimensional lookup table is used; in this study, the 1-D Lookup Table (1-DLuT) method is generalized to design LFC in single area and two areas power system. The proposed controller reduces the effects of load disturbance in the frequency fluctuations and contributes to the stabilization of the power system. In PID controller design methods, the most common performance criteria are integrated absolute error (IAE), the integration of time weight square error (ITSE), and the integration of squared error (ISE), which can be evaluated analytically in the frequency domain. A common performance criterion for control system design is the Integral of Time multiplied by the Absolute Error (ITAE) index, which is used to minimize the integral of the time absolute error performance index. Finally, the proposed 1-DLuT-based interpolation algorithm is compared with two different controllers, including a PI and an ANN. In other words, the simulation results showed that the optimal proposed system performs better within different variations of the stated loads.

References

H. H. Alhelou, M.-E. Hamedani-Golshan, R. Zamani, E. Heydarian-Forushani, and P. Siano, Challenges and opportunities of load frequency control in conventional, modern and future smart power systems: A comprehensive review, Energies, 11 (2018) 2497. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11102497 S. Saxena, Load frequency control strategy via fractional-order controller and reduced-order modeling, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 104 (2019) 603-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.07.005 S. K. Pandey, S. R. Mohanty, and N. Kishor, A literature survey on load–frequency control for conventional and distribution generation power systems, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 25 (2013) 318-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.029 T. Mohammed, J. Momoh, and A. Shukla, Single area load frequency control using fuzzy-tuned PI controller, in 2017 North American Power Symposium (NAPS), 2017, 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2017.8107352 M. J. Sumithra, M. J. Vinitha, and T. J. Mary, Controller design for single area load frequency control with time delays using genetic algorithm, Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res., 13 (2018) 11909-11916. S. Azeer, R. Ramjug-Ballgobin, and S. S. Hassen, Intelligent controllers for load frequency control of two-area power system, IFAC-PapersOnLine, 50 (2017) 301-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.12.062 S. Nag and N. Philip, Application of neural networks to automatic load frequency control, in Proceedings of The 2014 International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Energy and Communication (CIEC), 2014, 345-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CIEC.2014.6959107 S. Prakash, S. K. Sinha, A. S. Pandey, and B. Singh, Impact of slider gain on load frequency control using fuzzy logic controller, ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci, 4 (2009) 20-27. A. Usman and B. Divakar, Simulation study of load frequency control of single and two area systems, in Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC), 2012 IEEE, 2012, 214-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/GHTC.2012.38 Y. Zhang, L. Dong, and Z. Gao, Load frequency control for multiple-area power systems, in 2009 American Control Conference, 2009, 2773-2778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACC.2009.5160621 Y. G. Rebours, D. S. Kirschen, M. Trotignon, and S. Rossignol, A survey of frequency and voltage control ancillary services—Part I: Technical features, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 22 (2007) 350-357. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2006.888963 Xu, Y., Adaptive control for power system voltage and frequency regulation, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2014. S. Prakash and S. K. Sinha, Automatic load frequency control of six areas’ hybrid multi-generation power systems using neuro-fuzzy intelligent controller, IETE J. Res., 64 (2018) 471- 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03772063.2017.1361869 Ekka, S., Automatic load frequency control of multi area power systems, M.Sc. Thesis, National institute of technology, Odisha, India, 2014. Glover, J. D., Sarma, M. S., and Overbye, T., Power System Analysis & Design, SI Version: Cengage Learning, USA, 2012. N. N. Shah and C. D. Kotwal, The State Space Modeling of Single, Two and Three ALFC of Power System Using Integral Control and Optimal LQR Control Method, IOSR J. Eng., 2 (2012) 501-510. J. Hussain, R. Zou, S. Akhtar, K. A. Abouda, Design of cascade PP-FOPID controller based on marine predators algorithm for load frequency control of electric power systems, Elect. Eng., 107 (2025) 809-827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00202-024-02551-0 I. Kecskés, L. Székács, and P. Odry, Lookup table based fuzzy controller implementation in low-power microcontrollers of hexapod robot Szabad (ka)-II, in 3rd International Conference & Workshop Mechatronics in Practice and Education–MECHEDU, 2015, 76-81. Y. Bai, N. Guo, and G. Agbegha, Fuzzy interpolation and other interpolation methods used in robot calibrations, J. Rob., 2012 (2012) 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/376293 F. Hausberg, S. Hecker, P. Pfeffer, M. Plöchl, and M. Rupp, Incorporation of adaptive grid-based look-up tables in adaptive feedforward algorithms for active engine mounts, 12th International Symposium on advanced vehicle control (AVEC 14), Tokyo, Japan, 2014, 535–540. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12708/74134 L. Eciolaza and M. Sugeno, On-line design of lut controllers based on desired closed loop plant: Vertex placement principle, in Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE), 2012 IEEE International Conference, 2012, 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/FUZZ-IEEE.2012.6251267 L. E. Bengtsson, Lookup table optimization for sensor linearization in small embedded systems, J. Sens. Technol., 2 (2012) 177-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jst.2012.24025 M. M. Mahdi and A. Z. Ahmad, Load frequency control in microgrid using fuzzy logic table control, 11th IEEE International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG), 2017, 318-323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CPE.2017.7915190

Highlights

Automatic load frequency control is an important part of auxiliary services in power systems Conventional PI control in single-area systems uses time-consuming trial-and-error to determine control gains The 1-D Lookup Table (1-DLuT) method is generalized to design LFC The ITAE index is a key criterion in control design, used to minimize the Integral of Time Absolute Error Artificial neural networks (ANNs) mimic the behavior of the human brain and nervous system in artificial intelligence

DOI

10.30684/etj.2025.156707.1888

First Page

659

Last Page

669

Download

Share

COinS