•  
  •  
 

Keywords

heat transfer, Evacuated Tube collector, Heat pipe, PCM, Nanofluids

Document Type

Review Paper

Abstract

Solar thermal energy is essential for industrial and home applications, such as solar drying, space heating, water heating, and water desalination. Solar collectors are essential elements in these systems, as they transform solar irradiance into thermal energy. Evacuated heat pipes (EHPs) have emerged as efficient thermal transfer devices among sophisticated solar thermal technologies, capable of handling heat with low losses. These pipes function by employing a vacuum-sealed environment that markedly diminishes thermal resistance and convective heat loss. The heat transfer process is facilitated by the phase change of a working fluid, which evaporates at the heat source and condenses at the cooler end, so permitting efficient thermal management. This research study provides a thorough examination of developments in heat pipe-evacuated tube solar collectors (ETSCs), emphasizing diverse techniques for improving their efficiency. The initial section underscores the significance of ETSCs in solar residential hot water systems, outlining the particular applications and benefits of various collector types. The second section addresses the application of nanofluids to enhance heat transfer efficiency and the incorporation of phase change materials (PCMs) to guarantee a continuous heat supply, even post-sunset. Moreover, the work proposes the ideal concentration of nanofluids for diverse applications, offering significant insights for the next research.

References

J. Rogelj, M. D. Elzen, N. Höhne, T. Fransen, H. Fekete, H. Winkler, R. Schaeffer, F. Sha, K. Riahi & M. Meinshausen, Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2°C, Nature, 534 (2016) 631-639. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18307 Kavak, O. and Kaya, S. 2024. The Preparation and Effects of Nanofluids Used In Renewable Energy Systems, Orient Publications , Turkey, pp12-32.‏ P. Vijayakumar, G. Kumaresan, S. G. Kumar, and M. Eswaran, A review on applications of nanofluid in evacuated tube heat pipe integrated with compound parabolic concentrator, Mater. Today Proc., 45 (2021) 1227-1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.250 R. V. Singh, S. Kumar, M. M. Hasan, M. E. Khan, and G. N. Tiwari, Performance of a solar still integrated with evacuated tube collector in natural mode, Desalination, 318 (2013) 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.03.012 S. Aggarwal, R. Kumar, D. Lee, S. Kumar, and T. Singh, A comprehensive review of techniques for increasing the efficiency of evacuated tube solar collectors, Heliyon, 9 (2023) e15185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15185 M. Picón-Núñez, G. Martínez-Rodríguez, and A. L. Fuentes-Silva, Design of solar collector networks for industrial applications, Appl. Therm. Eng., 70 (2014) 1238-1245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.05.005 A. Ustaoglu, M. Alptekin, J. Okajima, and S. Maruyama, Evaluation of uniformity of solar illumination on the receiver of compound parabolic concentrator (CPC), Sol. Energy, 132 (2016) 150-164. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.solener.2016.03.014 M. Eltaweel, A. A. Abdel-Rehim, and A. A. A. Attia, A comparison between flat-plate and evacuated tube solar collectors in terms of energy and exergy analysis by using nanofluid, Appl. Therm. Eng., 186 (2020) 116516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.116516 E. S. Hrayshat , M. S. Al-Soud, Solar energy in Jordan : current state and prospects, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 8 (2004) 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2003.10.005 M. A. Sabiha, R. Saidur, S. Mekhilef, and O. Mahian, Progress and latest developments of evacuated tube solar collectors, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 51 (2015) 1038-1054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.016 E. Zambolin and D. Del Col, Experimental analysis of thermal performance of flat plate and evacuated tube solar collectors in stationary standard and daily conditions, Sol. Energy, 84 (2010) 1382-1396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2010.04.020 P. Vijayakumar, G. Kumaresan, S. Anish Kumar, U. Mohamed Faizal, G. R. Vijay Chandran, and K. S. Vishnu Adharsh, Performance evaluation of compound parabolic concentrator with evacuated tube heat pipe, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 312 (2019) 0-15. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/312/1/012008 M. Vijayakumar, P. Navaneethakrishnan, G. Kumaresan, and R. Kamatchi, A study on heat transfer characteristics of inclined copper sintered wick heat pipe using surfactant free CuO and Al2O3 nanofluids, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 81 (2017) 190-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2017.10.032 T. Ghazi, M. R. Attar, A. Ghorbani, H. Alshihmani, A. Davoodi, et al., Synergistic effect of active-passive methods using fins surface roughness and fluid flow for improving cooling performance of heat sink heat pipes, Exp. Heat Transf., 37 (2024) 649-664. https://doi.org/10.1080/08916152.2023.2182838 J. Boopathy, Design, implementation, and characterization of a gravity heat pipe, no. August, 2017. S. Siva Kumar, K. M. Kumar, and S. R. S. Kumar, Design of Evacuated Tube Solar Collector with Heat Pipe, Mater. Today Proc., 4 (2017) 12641-12646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.10.075 M. S. Abd-Elhady, M. Nasreldin, and M. N. Elsheikh, Improving the performance of evacuated tube heat pipe collectors using oil and foamed metals, Ain Shams Eng. J., 9 (2018) 2683-2689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2017.10.001 U. Sharma, A Study of High Temperature Heat Pipes and the Impact of Magnetic Field on the Flow of Liquid Metal, M.Sc. Thesis, Michigan Technological University, United States of America. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/381 A. Siuta-Olcha, T. Cholewa, and K. Dopieralska-Howoruszko, Experimental studies of thermal performance of an evacuated tube heat pipe solar collector in Polish climatic conditions, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 28 (2021) 14319-14328. https://doi.org/0.1007/s11356-020-07920-3 D. N. Nkwetta, M. Smyth, A. Zacharopoulos, and T. Hyde, Optical evaluation and analysis of an internal low-concentrated evacuated tube heat pipe solar collector for powering solar air-conditioning systems, Renew. Energy, 39 (2021) 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.06.043 K. S. Ong and W. L. Tong, Inclination and Fill Ratio Effects on Water Filled Two-Phase Closed Thermosyphon, Proceedings of the 10th International Heat Pipe Symposium, 2011, 167–171. M. Çimen, M. Colakoglu, and A. Güngör, Overheating limitation of thermosiphon solar collectors by controlling heat pipe fluid in all glass evacuated tubes, Sol. Energy, 230 (2021) 515-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.10.066 A. E. Kabeel, M. M. Khairat Dawood, and A. I. Shehata, Augmentation of thermal efficiency of the glass evacuated solar tube collector with coaxial heat pipe with different refrigerants and filling ratio, Energy Convers. Manag., 138 (2017) 286-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.048 A. Alizadehdakhel, M. Rahimi, and A. A. Alsairafi, CFD modeling of flow and heat transfer in a thermosyphon, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf., 37 (2010) 312-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2009.09.002 S. S. Chougule, S. K. Sahu, and A. T. Pise, Thermal performance of two-phase thermosyphon flat-plate solar collectors using nanofluid, J. Sol. Energy Eng. Trans. ASME, 136 (2014) 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4025591 B. M. Ziapour and H. Shaker, Heat transfer characteristics of a two-phase closed thermosyphon using different working fluids, Heat Mass Transf., 46 (2010) 307-314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-009-0570-1 A. Ozsoy and V. Corumlu, Thermal performance of a thermosyphon heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector using silver-water nanofluid for commercial applications, Renew. Energy, 122 (2018) 26-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.01.031 R. Tang, Y. Yang, and W. Gao, Comparative studies on thermal performance of water-in-glass evacuated tube solar water heaters with different collector tilt-angles, Sol. Energy, 85 (2011) 1381-1389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2011.03.019 S. Iranmanesh, H. C. Ong, B. C. Ang, E. Sadeghinezhad, A. Esmaeilzadeh, and M. Mehrali, Thermal performance enhancement of an evacuated tube solar collector using graphene nanoplatelets nanofluid, J. Clean. Prod., 162 (2017) 121-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.175 S. M. S. Al-Mashat and A. A. Hasan, Evaluation of Convective Heat Transfer and Natural Circulation in an Evacuated Tube Solar Collector, J. Eng., 19 (2023) 613-628. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2013.05.08 X. Huang, Q.Wang, H. Yang, Sh. Zhong, D. Jiao, et al., Theoretical and experimental studies of impacts of heat shields on heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector, Renew. Energy, 138 (2019) 999-1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.02.008 M. Siritan, N. Kammuang-Lue, P. Terdtoon, and P. Sakulchangsatjatai, Thermal performance and thermo-economics analysis of evacuated glass tube solar water heater with closed-loop pulsating heat pipe, Case Stud. Therm. Eng., 35 (2022) 102139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2022.102139 A. A. Eidan, A. AlSahlani, A. Q. Ahmed, M. Al-fahham, and J. M. Jalil, Improving the performance of heat pipe-evacuated tube solar collector experimentally by using Al2O3 and CuO/acetone nanofluids, Sol. Energy, 173 (2018) 780-788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.08.013 M. A. Sharafeldin, G. Gróf, E. Abu-Nada, and O. Mahian, Evacuated tube solar collector performance using copper nanofluid: Energy and environmental analysis, Appl. Therm. Eng., 162 (2019) 114205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114205 G. Sadeghi, M. Najafzadeh, and M. Ameri, Thermal characteristics of evacuated tube solar collectors with coil inside: An experimental study and evolutionary algorithms, Renew. Energy, 151 (2020) 575-588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.11.050 R. Elarem, T. Alqahtani, S. Mellouli, F. Askri, A. Edacherian, et al., A comprehensive review of heat transfer intensification methods for latent heat storage units, Energy Storage, 3 (2021) 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.127 R. Elarem,  T. Alqahtani, S. Mellouli, W. Aich, Nidhal Ben Khedher, et al., Numerical study of an Evacuated Tube Solar Collector incorporating a Nano-PCM as a latent heat storage system, Case Stud. Therm. Eng., 24 (2021) 100859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.100859 J. Prakash, H. P. Garg, and G. Datta, A solar water heater with a built-in latent heat storage, Energy Convers. Manag., 25 (1985) 51-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-8904(85)90069-X M. H. Abokersh, M. El-Morsi, O. Sharaf, and W. Abdelrahman, An experimental evaluation of direct flow evacuated tube solar collector integrated with phase change material, Energy, 139 (2017) 1111-1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.08.034 P. Feliński and R. Sekret, Effect of PCM application inside an evacuated tube collector on the thermal performance of a domestic hot water system, Energy Build., 152 (2017) 558-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.07.065 M. H. Abokersh, M. El-Morsi, O. Sharaf, and W. Abdelrahman, On-demand operation of a compact solar water heater based on U-pipe evacuated tube solar collector combined with phase change material, Sol. Energy, 155 (2017) 1130-1147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.07.008 S. Yematawu, B. Tamrat, D. Tarekegn, H. Mulugeta, Experimental testing on the performance of solar dryer equipped with evacuated tube collector, rock bed heat storage and reflectors, Energy Rep., 12 (2024) 453-471.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.06.027 V. R. Pawar and S. Sobhansarbandi, CFD modeling of a thermal energy storage based heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector, J. Energy Storage, 30 (2020) 101528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101528 M. H. Dhaou, S. Mellouli, F. Alresheedi, and Y. El-Ghoul, Numerical assessment of an innovative design of an evacuated tube solar collector incorporated with pcm embedded metal foam/plate fins, Sustainability, 13 (2021) 10632. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910632 M. Sonkar, B. K. Naik, Performance Assessment of Sustainable Evacuated Tube Heat Pipe Solar Collector Driven Seawater Desalination System, Solar Compass, 14 (2025) 100112.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solcom.2025.100112 H. S. Xue, Experimental investigation of a domestic solar water heater with solar collector coupled phase-change energy storage, Renew. Energy, 86 (2016) 257-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.08.017 M. A. Essa, I. Y. Rofaiel, and M. A. Ahmed, Experimental and Theoretical Analysis for the Performance of Evacuated Tube Collector Integrated with Helical Finned Heat Pipes using PCM Energy Storage, Energy, 206 (2020) 118166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118166 W. Wu,  S. Dai, Z. Liu, Y. Dou, J. Hua, et al., Experimental study on the performance of a novel solar water heating system with and without PCM, Sol. Energy, 171 (2018) 604-612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.07.005 B. Li, X. Zhai, and X. Cheng, Experimental and numerical investigation of a solar collector/storage system with composite phase change materials, Sol. Energy, 164 (2018) 65-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.02.031 M. Faegh and M. B. Shafii, Experimental investigation of a solar still equipped with an external heat storage system using phase change materials and heat pipes, Desalination, 409 (2017) 128-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.01.023 M. A. Essa, N. H. Mostafa, and M. M. Ibrahim, An experimental investigation of the phase change process effects on the system performance for the evacuated tube solar collectors integrated with PCMs, Energy Convers. Manag., 177 (2018) 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.09.045 H. Olfian, S. S. M. Ajarostaghi, M. Farhadi, and A. Ramiar, Melting and solidification processes of phase change material in evacuated tube solar collector with U-shaped spirally corrugated tube, Appl. Therm. Eng., 182 (2021) 116149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.116149 M. S. Gudeta, S. M. Atnaw, M. Shibeshi, E. Gardie, Performance analysis of solar water heater system with heat pipe evacuated tube collector on Moha soft drink industries in Ethiopia, Case Stud Therm Eng., 36 (2022) 102211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2022.102211 M. J. Alshukri, A. A. Eidan, and S. I. Najim, Thermal performance of heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector integrated with different types of phase change materials at various location, Renew. Energy, 171 (2021) 635-646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.143 J. Jalil and S. Salih, Analysis of Thermal and Insulation Performance of Double Glazed Window Doped With Paraffin Wax, Eng. Technol. J., 38 (2020) 383-393. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i3a.448 M. Nsaif, M. Baccar, and J. Jalil, Phase Change Material in Glazing Windows System: A Review, Eng. Technol. J., 0 (2023) 1-17. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2023.138089.1381 S. Baharloui, M. M. Peiravi, M. G. bandpy, Thermal optimization and exergy efficiency of two new parabolic solar collectors using response surface methodology, Results Chem.,  13 (2025) 101984.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101984 E. Bellos and C. Tzivanidis, A review of concentrating solar thermal collectors with and without nanofluids, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 135 (2019) 763-786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7183-1 R. Moss, S. Shire, P. Henshall, F. Arya, P. Eames, and T. Hyde, Performance of evacuated flat plate solar thermal collectors, Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog., 8 (2018) 296-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2018.09.003 S. Said, S. Mellouli, T. Alqahtani, S. Algarni, R. Ajjel, K. Ghachem, L. Kolsi, An experimental comparison of the performance of various evacuated tube solar collector designs, Sustainability, 15 (2023) 5533.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065533 H. Shabgard, M. J. Allen, N. Sharifi, S. P. Benn, A. Faghri, and T. L. Bergman, Heat pipe heat exchangers and heat sinks: Opportunities, challenges, applications, analysis, and state of the art, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 89 (2015) 138-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.05.020 X. Q. Wang and A. S. Mujumdar, A review on nanofluids - Part II: Experiments and applications, Brazilian J. Chem. Eng., 25 (2008) 631-648. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-66322008000400002 R. A. Taylor, P. E. Phelan, T. P. Otanicar, R. Adrian, and R. Prasher, Nanofluid optical property characterization: towards efficient direct absorption solar collectors, Nanoscale Res. Lett., 6 (2011) 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-6-225 A. Khaliq R, R. Kafafy, H. M. Salleh, and W. F. Faris, Enhancing the efficiency of polymerase chain reaction using graphene nanoflakes, Nanotechnology, 23 (2012) 455106. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/23/45/455106 G. Kumaresan and S. Venkatachalapathy, a Review on Heat Transfer Enhancement Studies of Heat Pipes Using Nanofluids, Front. Heat Pipes, 3 (2013). https://doi.org/10.5098/fhp.v3.4.3001 O. Mahian, A. Kianifar, S. A. Kalogirou, I. Pop, and S. Wongwises, A review of the applications of nanofluids in solar energy, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 57 (2013) 582-594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.10.037 C. Q. Chen, Y. Diao, Y. H. Zhao, Z.Y. Wang, L. Liang, et al., Thermal performance of a closed collector–storage solar air heating system with latent thermal storage: An experimental study, Energy, 202 (2020) 117764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117764 Z. A. Al-Absi, M. H. Mohd Isa, M. Ismail, Phase change materials (PCMs) and their optimum position in building walls, Sustainability, 12 (2020) 1294.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041294 M. Frigione, M. Lettieri, A. Sarcinella, Phase change materials for energy efficiency in buildings and their use in mortars, Materials, 12 (2019) 1260.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12081260 J. D. Hamdi, J. M. Jalil, and A. H. Reja, The influence of micro channel on the performance of low concentrator parabolic collector systems with phase change material, J. Eng. Technol., 42 (2024) 808-817. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.144040.1619 A. Kushwah, M. Kumar Gaur, and R. Kumar Pandit, The Role of Phase Change Materials for Lifetime Heating of Buildings in Cold Climatic Conditions, Int. J. Built Environ. Sustain., 7 (2020) 81-96. https://doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v7.n3.600 A. Nematpour Keshteli and M. Sheikholeslami, Nanoparticle enhanced PCM applications for intensification of thermal performance in building: A review, J. Mol. Liq., 274 (2019) 516-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.10.151 S. Dabiri, M. Mehrpooya, and E. G. Nezhad, Latent and sensible heat analysis of PCM incorporated in a brick for cold and hot climatic conditions, utilizing computational fluid dynamics, Energy, 159 (2018) 160-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.06.074 X. Chen, P. Cheng, Z. Tang, X. Xu, H. Gao, and G. Wang, Carbon-Based Composite Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage, Transfer, and Conversion, Adv. Sci., 8 (2021) 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202001274 M. Sheikholeslami, S. A. Farshad, Z. Ebrahimpour, and Z. Said, Recent progress on flat plate solar collectors and photovoltaic systems in the presence of nanofluid: A review, J. Clean. Prod., 293 (2021) 126119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126119 M. Ghodbane, B. Boumeddane, Z. Said, and E. Bellos, A numerical simulation of a linear Fresnel solar reflector directed to produce steam for the power plant, J. Clean. Prod., 231 (2019) 494-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.201 M. Ghodbane, E. Bellos, Z. Said, B. Boumeddane, and A. Kadhim, Evaluating energy efficiency and economic effect of heat transfer in copper tube for small solar linear Fresnel reflector, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim 143 (2020) 4197-4215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09384-6 L. S. Sundar, E. V. Ramana, Z. Said, V. Punnaiah, K. V. V. C. Mouli, and A. C. M. Sousa, Properties, heat transfer, energy efficiency and environmental emissions analysis of flat plate solar collector using nanodiamond nanofluids, Diam. Relat. Mater., 110 (2020) 108115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2020.108115 L. S. Sundar, Z. Said, B. Saleh, M. K. Singh, and A. C. M. Sousa, Combination of Co 3 O 4 deposited rGO hybrid nanofluids and longitudinal strip inserts : Thermal properties , heat transfer , friction factor , and thermal performance evaluations, Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog., 20 (2020) 100695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2020.100695 M. Hu, A Building life-cycle embodied performance index—The relationship between embodied energy, embodied carbon and environmental impact, Energies, 13 (2020) 1905.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081905 M. A. Ersöz, Effects of different working fluid use on the energy and exergy performance for evacuated tube solar collector with thermosyphon heat pipe, Renew. Energy, 96 (2016) 244-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.04.058 J. J. Michael and I. Selvarasan, Economic analysis and environmental impact of flat plate roof mounted solar energy systems, Sol. Energy, 142 (2017) 159-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.12.019 S. Jesumathy, M. Udayakumar, and S. Suresh, Experimental study of enhanced heat transfer by addition of CuO nanoparticle, Heat Mass Transf., 48 (2012) 965-978. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-011-0945-y L. M. Zhang, S. Tanemura, T. M. Tanaka, Y. P. Kang, and G. Xu, Feasibility study on the use of a solar thermoelectric cogenerator comprising a thermoelectric module and evacuated tubular collector with parabolic trough concentrator, J. Electron. Mater., 41 (2021) 1759-1765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-012-2076-8 A. Y. Faraji, A. Date, R. Singh, and A. Akbarzadeh, Base-load thermoelectric power generation using evacuated tube solar collector and water storage tank, Energy Procedia, 57 (2014) 2112-2120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.10.178 H. Zhang, B. Lei, T. Yu, and Z. Zhao, Exergy analysis of two kinds of solar-driven cogeneration systems in Lhasa, Tibet, China, Int. J. Photoenergy, (2018) 702049. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6702049 S. Lv, W. He, D. Hu, J. Zhu, G. Liet, et al., Study on a high-performance solar thermoelectric system for combined heat and power, Energy Convers. Manag., 143 (2017) 459-469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.04.027 E. Marrasso, C. Roselli, M. Sasso, and F. Tariello, Analysis of a hybrid solar-assisted trigeneration system, Energies, 9 (2016) 705. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9090705 X. Meng, F. Yang, Z. Bao, J. Deng, N. N. Serge, and Z. Zhang, Theoretical study of a novel solar trigeneration system based on metal hydrides, Appl. Energy, 87 (2010) 2050-2061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.11.023 G. Mohan, N. T. Uday Kumar, M. K. Pokhrel, and A. Martin, Experimental investigation of a novel solar thermal polygeneration plant in United Arab Emirates, Renew. Energy, 91 (2016) 361-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.01.072 M. Kegel, J. Tamasauskas, and R. Sunye, Solar thermal trigeneration system in a Canadian climate multi-unit residential building, Energy Procedia, 48 (2014) 876-887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.02.101

Highlights

ETSCs enhance solar thermal efficiency using advanced heat transfer techniques. This study integrates nanofluids and PCMs to boost ETSC performance, ensuring stable heat output. Novelty lies in optimizing nanofluid concentration for maximum efficiency in diverse applications. Results highlight improved thermal conductivity and sustained heat supply post-sunset.

DOI

10.30684/etj.2025.155236.1853

First Page

487

Last Page

506

Download

Share

COinS