•  
  •  
 

Keywords

Cement, compressive strength, Machine learning, Lateritic soil and Sawdust ash

Document Type

Research Paper

Abstract

Sawdust industrial residue could be hazardous to the environment, but it becomes pozzolanic when incinerated. Thus, harnessing sawdust ash (SDA) and lateritic soil as road construction materials for low-cost roads is apt. However, modeling and prediction of the properties of soils treated with SDA have received very little attention. This study predicted the compressive strength of lateritic soil treated with cement and SDA using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The soil was found to belong to A-2-4(0) in the AASHTO rating and clayey sand (SC) in the Unified Soil Classification System. The soil minerals composition was conducted using an x-ray diffraction technique, which comprises non-clay minerals such as quartz, albite, orthoclase, goethite, and muscovite, as well as clay minerals like clinochlore. The tests carried out on the treated soil were compaction tests, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and durability tests. The maximum dry density of the reinforced soil was reduced, whereas the optimum moisture content increased with an increase in SDA content. At the addition of cement and SDA of up to 8% and 30%, respectively, the strength properties like the CBR and UCS at 7 days of curing increased by up to 1965.46% and 989.25%, respectively. Also, the reinforced soil satisfied the durability requirements. The treated soil could be used as the sub-base of road pavement structures. The ANN modeling dependably predicted the unconfined compressive strength at 7 days of curing of the reinforced soil with coefficients of correlation of 0.989 and 0.996 for training and testing, respectively.

References

E. Vallières, J. Pintos, M.E. Parent, J. Siemiatycki‏, Occupational exposure to wood dust and risk of lung cancer in two population-based case-control studies in Montreal, Canada. Environ. Health, 14 (2015)1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069x-14-1 B. C. Olaiya, M.M. Lawan, K.A. Olonade, Utilization of sawdust composites in construction- A review, SN Appl. Sci., 5 (2023)1-25.https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05361-4 P. Bhatti, L. Newcomer, L. Onstad, K. Teschke, J. Camp, M. Morgan, T. L.Vaughan, Wood dust exposure and risk of lung cancer, Occup. Environ. Med., 68 (2011) 599-604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.2010.060004 IARC (2012): Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: A review of human carcinogens; arsenic, metals, fibres and dusts. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, Vol. 100, Part C. K. K. Kasangana, M. Chadyiwa, D. Masekameni, T. Makonese‏ ,Exposure to wood dust and health effects: A review of epidemiological evidences from developing countries, Proceedings of National Association for Clean Air, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2017,1-7. H. Orelma, A. Tanaka, M. Vuoriluoto, A. Khakalo, A. Korpela‏ , Manufacture of all – wood sawdust – based particle board using ionic liquid – facilitated fusion process, Wood Sci. Technol., 55 (2021) 331-349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-021-01265-x B. O. Bolaji, The use of sawdust as an alternative source of energy for domestic cooking and as a means of reducing deforestation, Global, J. Environ. Sci., 4 (2005) 73-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjes.v4i1.2444 M. Brown, V. Kearley, Role of wood waste as source of biomass fuel in the U K. Energy Materials, Taylor and Francis, 4 (2009) 162-165. https://doi.org/10.1179/174892312X13269692038815 O. L. Rominiyi, B.A. Adaramola, O.M. Ikumapayi, O.T. Oginni, S.A .Akinola, Potential utilization of sawdust in energy, manufacturing and agricultural industry; waste to wealth, World J. Eng. Technol., 5 (2017) 526-539, https://doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2017.53045 A. Mwango, C. Kambole, Engineering characteristics and potential increased utilization of sawdust composites in construction – A review, J. Build. Constr. Plann. Res., 7 (2019) 59-68. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbcpr.2019.73005 N. Dwivedi, A.P. Khare, S. Haq‏, Wood plastic composite: Emerging material for an environmental safety- A review, Proceeding of Advances in Clean Energy Technologies, Springer Nature, 2021, 85-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0235-1_7 F. F. Udoeyo, P.U. Dashibil, Sawdust ash as concrete material, J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 14 (2002) 173. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2002)14:2(173) S. Chowdhury, M. Mishra, O. Suganya, The incorporation of wood waste ash as a partial cement replacement material for making structural grade concrete: An overview, Ain Shams Eng. J., 6 (2015) 429-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2014.11.005 S. Assiamah, S. Agyeman, K. Adinkrah-Appiah, H. Danso, Utilization of sawdust ash as cement replacement for landcrete interlocking blocks production and mortarless construction, Case Stud. Constr. Mater., 16 (2022) e00945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022e00945 R. Wang, P. Haller‏ , Applications of wood ash as a construction material in civil engineering: A review, Biomass Conv. Bioref., 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03580-0 V. Mehta, S. Mondal, N. Kumar, .S Kumar ,Use of wood sawdust ash as effective raw material for clay bricks, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1110, 2023, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1110/1/012081 C.C. Ikeagwuani, I.N Obeta, J.C. Agunwamba, Stabilization of black cotton soil subgrade using sawdust ash and lime, Soils and Foundations, 59 (2019) 162-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2018.10004 W. A. Butt, K. Gupta, J. N. Jha, Strength behaviour of clayey soil stabilized with sawdust ash, Int. J. Geo-Eng., 7 (2016) 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-016-0032-9 U.N. Okonkwo, Compressibility of lateritic soil strengthened with palm kernel husk ash for sub-grade soil, Electron. J. Geotech. Eng., 23 (2018) 249-260. C. Kennedy, U.N. Okonkwo, The effectiveness of residual soil, Orashi River sand and Sombrero River sand as stabilizing agents for subgrade soil of highway pavement, Sch. J. Eng. Tech., 11 (2023) 91-107. https://doi.org/10.36347/sjet.2023.v11i04.001 U.N. Okonkwo, C. Kennedy‏ Effectiveness of cement and lime as stabilizers for subgrade soils with high plasticity and swelling potential, Saudi J. Civ. Eng., 7 (2023) 40-60. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i03.001 C. P. Enyinnia, U. N. Okonklwo, C. D. Nwa-David, Critical state characteristics of lateritic soils treated with rice husk ash as subgrade soil, Eng. Technol. J., 42 (2024) 1355-1366. https://doi.org/1030684/etj.2024.149978.1754 R. K. Etim, I. C. Attah, P. Yohanna, Experimental study on potential of oyster shell ash in structural strength improvement of lateritic soil for road construction, Int. J. Pavement Res. Tech., 13 (2020) 341-351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-020-0290-y J.E. Sani, P. Yohanna, I.A. Chukwujama, Effects of rice husk ash admixed with treated sisal fibre on properties of lateritic soil as a road construction material, J. King Saud Univ. Eng. Sci., 32 (2020) 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.11.001 U.N. Okonkwo, E.C. Ekeoma, L.O. Eleke‏ , Polynomial models for predicting time limits for compaction after mixing operation of lateritic soil reinforced using cement or lime, J. Civ. Eng. Sci. Technol., 14 (2023) 26-34. https://doi.org/10.33736/jcest.4918.2023 U.N. Okonkwo, Lateritic soil and calcined kaolin for earth embankments, Environ. Geotech., 4 (2017) 384-389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jenge.16.00011 J.R. Oluremi, S.T. Ijimdiya, A.O. Eberemu, K.J. Osinubi‏, Reliability evaluation of hydraulic conductivity characteristics of waste wood ash treated lateritic soil, Geotech. Geol. Eng., 37 (2019) 533-547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0625-5 O. Onakunle, D. O. Omole, A. S. Ogbiye, Stabilization of lateritic soil from Agbara Nigeria with ceramic waste dust, Cogent Eng., 6 (2019) 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2019.1710087 U. N. Okonkwo, E. E. Arinze, E. I. Ugwu, Lateritic soil treated with polyvinyl and waste powder as a potential material for liners and cover in waste containment, J. Solid Waste Technol. Manag., 44 (2018) 173-179 https://doi.org/10.5276/JSWTM.2018.173 K. J. Osinubi, A. O. Eberemu, T. S. Ijimdiya, P. Yohanna, Interaction of landfill leachate with compacted lateritic soil treated with Bacilllius coagulans using microbial-induced calcite precipitation approach, J. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste, 24 (2020)1-9. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000465 R. K. Etim, T. S. Ijimdiya, A. O. Eberemu, K. J. Osinubi, Compatibility interaction of landfill leachate with lateritic soil bio-treated with Bacillus Magaterium, criterion for barrier material in municipal solid waste containment, Clean. Mater., 5 (2022) 100110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2022.100110 K. Ishola, T.S. Ijimdiya, P. Yohanna, K.J. Osinubi, Evaluation of shear strength of compacted iron ore tailings treated lateritic soil, Platform: J. Eng., 4 (2020) 48-58. https://doi.org/10.61762/pajevol4iss3art8814 I.I. Obianyo, A.P. Onwualu, A.B.O. Soboyejo, Mechanical behavior of lateritic soil stabilized with bone ash and hydrated lime for sustainable building applications, Case Stud. Constr. Mater., 12 (2020) e00331.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00331 U. N. Okonkwo, C.P. Enyinnia, U.C. Ajah, C.D. Nwa-David, U.N. Tobby‏, Geotechnical and mineralogical characteristics of lateritic soil and locust bean (Parkia Biglobosa) Pod ash as construction soil, J. Civ. Eng. Sci. Technol., 15 (2024) 78-79. https://doi.org/10.33736/jcest.6076.2024 A. G. Mimboe, M.T. Abo, J.N.Y. Djobo, S. Tome, Lateritic soil based-compressed earth bricks stabilized with phosphate binder, J. Build. Eng., 31 (2020) 101465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101465 B. A. Akinyemi, A. Elijah, A. Oluwaseun, D. T. Akpenpuun, O. Glory, The use of red earth, lateritic soils and quarry dust as an alternative building material in sandcrete block, Sci. African, 7 (2020) e00263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00263 K. E. Ibedu, P. P. Duru, O. O. Akin, E. A. Egwa, Compressive strength and water absorption of cement-locust bean waste ash blend for latcrete blocks production, J. Civ. Eng. Sci. Technol., 14 (2023) 6-13. https://doi.org/10.33736/jcest.4362.2023 K. C. Onyelowe, M. Iqbal, F. E. Jalal, M. E. Onyia, Application of 3 algorithm ANN programming to predict the strength performance of hydrated-lime activated rice husk ash treated soil, Multiscale Multidiscip. Model. Exp. Des., 4 (2021) 259-274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-021-00093-7 K. Thirumalai Raja, N. Jayanthi, J. Leta Tesfaye, N. Nagaprasad, R. Krishnaraj, V. S. Kaushik, Using an artificial neural network to validate and predict the physical properties of self-compacting concrete, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2022 (2022) 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1206512 A. A. Ali, U. Heneash, A. Hussein, S. Khan, Application of artificial neural network technique for pavement roughness as a performance indicator, J. King Saud Univ. Eng. Sci., 36 (2024) 128-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2023.01.001 S. A. Ahmad, H. U. Ahmed, S. K. Rafiq, D. A. Ahmad, Machine learning approach for predicting compressive strength in foam concrete under varying mix designs and curing periods, Smart Constr. Sustain. Cities, 1 (2023) 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44268-023-00021-3 U. N. Okonkwo, E. E. Arinze, S. U. Ubochi, Predictive model for elapsed time between mixing operation and compaction of lateritic soil treated with lime and quarry dust for sub-base of low-cost roads, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol., 15 (2022) 243-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-021-00022-4 U. N. Okonkwo, E. C. Ekeoma, H. E. Ndem, Exponential logarithmic for strength properties of lateritic soil treated with cement and rice husk ash as pavements of low-cost roads, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol., 16 (2023) 333-342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-021-00134-x ASTM D4318-17 (2018), Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index. American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshocken, P A, USA. ASTM D6913-04 (2017) Standard test methods for particle-size distribution (gradation) of soils using sieve analysis. American Society for Testing and Materials, International, West Conshocken P A, USA. BS 1377-1 (2016) Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes: General requirements and sample preparation, British Standard Institute, London, United Kingdom BS 12 (1991), Specification for portland cement. British Standard Institute, London, United Kingdom Nigerian General Specification (1997): “Bridges and Roadworks” Vol.11, Federal Ministry of Works, Abuja. BS 1924 (1990), Methods of test for stabilized soils. British Standard Institute, London, United Kingdom. IBM Corporation (2020). SPSS Statistics. International Business Machines Corporation, New York, USA. Standard specifications for transportation, materials, and methods of sampling and testing, The New AASHTO Green Book, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, (2011) Washington DC, USA. ASTM D2487-17 (2020) Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (Unified Soil Classification System), American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshocken, P A, USA. Hurlbut, C. S. Dana’s manual of mineralogy; 16th Edition, Wiley New York,1957. Mitchel J. K. and Soga K. Fundamentals of Soil Behaviour; 3rd Edition, Wiley, Hoboken, N J, USA, 2005. Santamarina J. C., Klein K. A. and Fam M. A. Soils and Waves: Particulate materials behaviour; Wiley, New York, 2001. M. F. Brigatti, E. Galan, B. K. G. Theng, Structure and Mineralogy of Clay Minerals, Developments in Clay Science, 5 (2013) 21-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-098258-8.00002-X ASTM C618 (2001), Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolana for use as mineral admixture, American Society for Testing and Materials, International, West Conshocken, PA, USA.

Highlights

Machine learning (ANN) predicted the compressive strength of lateritic soil treated with cement and sawdust ash. Maximum compressive strength of 1345.66 kN/m² was achieved with 8% cement and 30% sawdust ash treatment. The machine learning model showed high accuracy and effectively handled non-linearity in predictions. At 7 days, CBR and UCS rose by up to 1965.46% and 989.25% with 8% cement and 30% SDA additions respectively.

DOI

10.30684/etj.2025.156269.1873

First Page

374

Last Page

385

Download

Share

COinS