•  
  •  
 

Keywords

Bio, composite Bone plate Bio epoxy Flexural strength Impact strength Flexural modulus

Document Type

Research Paper

Abstract

Bone plates are necessary for bone fracture healing since they adapt the bio-mechanical micro-environment at the fracture location to provide the essential mechanical fixation for the fracture fragments. This research concentrates on decreasing the influence of stress shielding that takes place owing to an incompatibility between the metallic plate and the cortical bone by using a composite material based on biopolymer bio-epoxy thermosetting material reinforced by natural pumpkin powder at a fixed weight fraction (2 wt.%) for all lamination sample in addition to fiber reinforcement which involves different layers of flax woven fabrics mainly in addition to woven Carbon fibers, woven Glass fibers, as laminates which prepared by hand layup technique. Thus, the prepared specimens were exposed to the flexural max shear stress, impact, and surface roughness tests. The results manifested an improvement in composite properties (the flexural strength, flexural modulus, impact strength, fracture toughness, max: shear stress, and surface roughness) by the addition of flax fibers. Also, hybrid laminate bio-composites with natural and synthetic reinforcement recorded the best results among other composites. Also, the (2% pumpkin powder + 4-layer flax/2 layers Carbon fiber) biocomposites have the best result in terms of flexural strength, flexural modulus, and maximum. Shear stress and impact strength values rise from (62.5 MPa), (2.1 GPa), (4.37 MPa), and (5.6 KJ/m2) to reach (210 MPa), (5.27 GPa), (12.18 MPa), and (94.37 KJ/m2), respectively. The SPSS program was also used to analyze the results of this study statistically. According to the current study, Laminate fiber-reinforced composites are the materials most recently probed as possible candidates for internal fracture fixation implants by placing different woven fabric reinforcements.

References

T. R. Kadhim, J. K. Oleiwi, and Q. A., Hamad, Investigation of Compression and Hardness for UHMWPE Bio-composites as Internal Bone Plate Fixation, Engin. Technol. J., 40 (2022) 1783–1794. http://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2022.135083.1258 Hashim, A. M., TANNER, K. E., and Oleiwi, J. K., Biomechanics of natural fiber green composites as internal bone plate rafted, MATEC Web of Conferences, 83, 2016, 09002. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20168309002 S. Arumugam, J. Kandasamy, A. U. Md Shah, M. T. Hameed Sultan, S. N. A. Safri, M. S. Abdul Majid, A. A. Basri and F. Mustapha, Investigations on the mechanical properties of glass fiber/sisal fiber/chitosan reinforced hybrid polymer sandwich composite scaffolds for bone fracture fixation applications, Polymers, 12 (2020) 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12071501 T. R. Kadhim, J. K. Oleiwi, and Q. A. Hamad, Numerical and experimental study of bio-composite plates as internal fixation, Revue des composites et des matériaux avancés, 33 (2023) 21-29. https://doi.org/10.18280/rcma.330104 M. A. Maleque, F. Y. Belal, and S. M. Sapuan, Mechanical properties study of pseudo-stem banana fiber reinforced epoxy composite, Arabian J. Sci. Eng., 32 (2007) 359–364. S. Surbhi, R. C. Verma, R. Deepak, H. K. Jain, and K. K. Yadav, A review: Food, chemical composition and utilization of carrot (Daucus carota L.) pomace, Int. J. Chem. Stud., 6 (2018) 2921–2926. A. Q. Fadhel, and W. H. Jassim, Fabrication of Natural Gelcoats (Epoxy/Pumpkin Peels Fibers) Composites with High Mechanical and Thermal Properties, Ibn AL-Haitham J. Pure Appl. Sci., 35 (2022) 21–36. https://doi.org/10.30526/35.4.2876 M. Brebu, Environmental degradation of plastic composites with natural fillers—a review, Polymers, 12 (2020) 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010166 S. Kumar, D. Zindani, and S. Bhowmik, Investigation of mechanical and viscoelastic properties of flax-and ramie-reinforced green composites for orthopedic implants, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 29 (2020) 3161–3171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04845-3 Z. S. Bagheri, I. El Sawi, E. H. Schemitsch, R. Zdero, H. Bougherara, Biomechanical properties of an advanced new carbon/flax/epoxy composite material for bone plate applications, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 20 (2013) 398–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.12.013 U. Kureemun, M. Ravandi, L. Q. N. Tran, W. S. Teo, T. E. Tay and H. P. Lee, Effects of hybridization and hybrid fiber dispersion on the mechanical properties of woven flax-carbon epoxy at low carbon fiber volume fractions, Composites, Part B, 134 (2018) 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.09.035 S. Shuib, N. F. Ismail, M. N. Nazri and A. Z. Romli, Bamboo and glass fibre hybrid laminated composites as Locking Compression Plate (LCP) for tibia fracture treatment, International Conference on Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 1150, 2019, 012028. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1150/1/012028 A. Soundhar and K. Jayakrishna, Investigations on mechanical and morphological characterization of chitosan reinforced polymer nanocomposites, Mater. Res. Express, 6 (2019) 75301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab1288 Gouda, H. Virupaksha, et al. "Experimental investigation on compression and bending properties of epoxy composites reinforced with Al2O3, kenaf/hemp fibers for orthopaedic implants." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing, 988, 2020. 10.1088/1757-899X/988/1/012001 A. Kabiri, G. Liaghat, F. Alavi, H. Saidpour, S. K. Hedayati, M. Ansari, et al., Glass fiber/polypropylene composites with potential of bone fracture fixation plates: manufacturing process and mechanical characterization, J. Compos. Mater., 54 (2020) 4903–19. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0021998320940367 S. Younis, J. K. Oleiwi and R. A. Mohammed, Some Mechanical Properties of Polymer Matrix Composites Reinforced by Nano Silica Particles and Glass Fiber, Eng. Technol. J., 36 (2018) 1283–1289. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.36.12A.10 N. K. Faheed, Advantages of natural fiber composites for biomedical applications: a review of recent advances, Emergent Mater., 7 (2024) 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-023-00620-x S. Rajendran and L. Jerald, Process optimisation of pumpkin powder and its quality evaluation, Indian J. Nutr. Diet., (2021) 32–41. https://doi.org/10.21048/IJND.2021.58.S2.28004 Q. Wang, Y. Zhang, W. Liang, J. Wang, and Y. Chen, Effect of silane treatment on mechanical properties and thermal behavior of bamboo fibers reinforced polypropylene composites, J. Eng. Fibers Fabr., 15 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1177/155892502095 V. Chauhan, T. Kärki and J. Varis, Effect of fiber content and silane treatment on the mechanical properties of recycled acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene fiber composites, Chemistry, 3 (2021) 1258–1270. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry3040091 Chanda, M., Roy, S. K., Plastics Technology Handbook, CRC press, 2006. J. K. Oleiwi, R. A. Anaee, and S. H. Radhi, CNTS and NHA as reinforcement to improve flexural and impact properties of UHMWPE nanocomposites for hip joint applications, Int. J. Mech. Eng. Technol., 9 (2018) 121–129. http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=11 Wright, W., 2019, Essentials of Materials Science and Engineering, Cengage Learning. L. S. Faiq, Study of the mechanical properties of jute fiber reinforced cement composites, Eng. Technol. J., 36 (2018) 1244–1248. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.36.12A.5 Mallick, P. K., Fiberreinforced composites, Materials, Manufacturing, and Design,Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2007. Standard, A. B. of I. S. O., Standard Test Method for Unnotched Izod Impact Testing of Plastics, 2006. R. A. Higgins, Materials for Engineers and Technicians, Soldering Surf. Mount Technol., 18 (2006) 45–46. https://doi.org/10.1108/ssmt.2006.18.3.45.2 Thornton, P.A. and Colangelo, V.J.,   Fundamentals of Engineering  Materials, Prentice-Hall Inc, 1985. A. Vinagre, C. Barros, J. Gonçalves, A. Messias, F. Oliveira, J. Ramos, Surface Roughness Evaluation of Resin Composites after Finishing and Polishing Using 3D‐Profilometry, Int. J. Dent., 2023 (2023) 4078788. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4078788 X. Rimpault, J.-F. Chatelain, J.E. Klemberg-Sapieha, M. Balazinski, Surface profile texture characterization of trimmed laminated composite in the stacking sequence direction, Measurement, 91 (2016) 84-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2016.05.039 Y. Li, X. J. Xian, C. L. Choy, M. Guo and Z. Zhang, Compressive and flexural behavior of ultra-high-modulus polyethylene fiber and carbon fiber hybrid composites, Compos. Sci. Technol., 59 (1999) 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(98)00056-6 K. D. Kumar, and B. Kothandaraman, Modification of (DGEBA) epoxy resin with malleated depolymerized natural rubber, Express Polym. Lett., 2 (2008) 302–311. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2008.36 S. A. Abdulrahman, Q. A. Hamad, and J. K. Oleiwi, Investigation of some properties for laminated composite used for a prosthetic socket, Eng. Technol. J., 39 (2021) 1625–1631. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.v39i11.2050 F. Zulkifli, J. Stolk, U. Heisserer, A. T.-M. Yong, Z. Li, and X. M., Hu, Strategic positioning of carbon fiber layers in a UHMWPE ballistic hybrid composite panel, Int. J. Impact Eng., 129 (2019) 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2019.02.005 Rowell, R. M., and Rowell, J., Paper and Composites from Agro-Based Resources, CRC press, 1996. A. M. Abdullah, H. Jaber, and H. A. Al-Kaisy, Impact strength, flexural modulus and wear rate of PMMA composites reinforced by eggshell powders, Eng. Technol. J., 38 (2020) 960–966. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i7A.384 I. A. Saleem, M. S. Abed, and P. S. Ahmed, Numerical and experimental study of hybrid composite body armor, Eng. Technol. J., 39 (2021) 1681–1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v39i11.2274 M. K. Gupta and R. K. Srivastava, Tensile and flexural properties of sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composite: A comparison between unidirectional and mat form of fibers, Procedia Mater. Sci., 5 (2014) 2434–2439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.489 K. Moghadasi, M. S. M. Isa, M. A. Ariffin, S. Raja, B. Wu, et. al., A review on biomedical implant materials and the Effect of friction stir based techniques on their mechanical and tribological properties, J. Mate. Res. Technol., 17 (2022) 1054–1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.01.050 A. Kabiri, G. Liaghat, F. Alavi, H. Saidpour, S. K.Hedayati, M.Ansari, and M. Chizari, Glass fiber/polypropylene composites with the potential of bone fracture fixation plates: manufacturing process and mechanical characterization, J. Compo. Mater., 54 (2020) 4903–4919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320940367 R. S. N. Sahai and V. R. Gaval, “Effect of particle size and concentration of fly ash on properties of polytrimethylene terephthalate,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Chemical, Metallurgy and Material Science Engineering, 2015, 46–51. H. V. Gouda, S. Channabasavaraj, A. T. Gouda, and K. C. Mahendra, Experimental investigation on compression and bending properties of epoxy composites reinforced with Al₂O₃, kenaf/hemp fibers for orthopaedic implants, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 988, 2020, 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/988/1/012001 W. A. Khalaf, and M. N. Hamzah, Exploring the impact resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor through experimental analysis, Eng. Technol. J., 42 (2024). https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.142961.1555 S. Lu, G. Liang, Z. Zhou, and F. Li, Structure and properties of UHMWPE fiber/carbon fiber hybrid composites, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 101 (2006) 1880–1884. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.24071 WWW. SP System.com., SP System Guide to Composite Engineering Materials, 2004. Mallick, P.K., Fiber Reinforced Composites Materials, Manufacturing, and Design, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2007. J. K. Oleiwi, M. Alsaadi, and Q. A. Hamad, Numerically and Experimentally Studying of Some Mechanical Properties of the Polyester Matrix Composite Material Reinforced by Jute Fibers, Eng. Technol. J., 32 (2014) 2235-2247. S. S. Chee, M. Jawaid, M. T. H. Sultan, O. Y. Alothman, and L. C. Abdullah, Accelerated weathering and soil burial effects on color, biodegradability and thermal properties of bamboo/kenaf/epoxy hybrid composites, Polym. Test., 79 (2019) 106054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.106054

Highlights

Hybrid fracture fixation composites were fabricated using the hand lay-up technique The type of reinforcement significantly affects the composite's mechanical properties Increasing fiber layers improved strength, toughness, shear stress, and surface smoothness These composites show strong potential as future bone implant materials

DOI

10.30684/etj.2025.159004.1936

First Page

1084

Last Page

1095

Download

Share

COinS